Representatives from left to right by voting record

DW-NOMINATE first dimension for the 119th Congress (Voteview, UCLA): political scientists' standard placement from every roll-call vote, on a scale from −1 (left) to +1 (right). It's computed from how members vote relative to one another, not from party labels. Source.

#RepresentativeDW-NOMINATE
1Sylvia R. Garcia Democrat · TX-29-0.76
2Maxine Waters Democrat · CA-43-0.66
3Sean Casten Democrat · IL-6-0.63
4Yvette D. Clarke Democrat · NY-9-0.61
4Pramila Jayapal Democrat · WA-7-0.61
6Lateefah Simon Democrat · CA-12-0.60
7Janice D. Schakowsky Democrat · IL-9-0.60
8Lauren Underwood Democrat · IL-14-0.60
9Bonnie Watson Coleman Democrat · NJ-12-0.59
10Emily Randall Democrat · WA-6-0.57
11Christian D. Menefee Democrat · TX-18-0.57
12Jennifer L. McClellan Democrat · VA-4-0.56
13Nydia M. Velázquez Democrat · NY-7-0.55
13Lizzie Fletcher Democrat · TX-7-0.55
15LaMonica McIver Democrat · NJ-10-0.54
16James P. McGovern Democrat · MA-2-0.54
17Jimmy Gomez Democrat · CA-34-0.53
18Adriano Espaillat Democrat · NY-13-0.53
19Luz M. Rivas Democrat · CA-29-0.52
19Troy A. Carter Democrat · LA-2-0.52
19Mark Pocan Democrat · WI-2-0.52
22Bennie G. Thompson Democrat · MS-2-0.52
22Gwen Moore Democrat · WI-4-0.52
24Sydney Kamlager-Dove Democrat · CA-37-0.52
25Robert Menendez Democrat · NJ-8-0.51
26Mark DeSaulnier Democrat · CA-10-0.51
26Linda T. Sánchez Democrat · CA-38-0.51
26Jerrold Nadler Democrat · NY-12-0.51
29Valerie P. Foushee Democrat · NC-4-0.50
30Adelita S. Grijalva Democrat · AZ-7-0.50
30Nanette Diaz Barragán Democrat · CA-44-0.50
32Delia C. Ramirez Democrat · IL-3-0.50
33Jasmine Crockett Democrat · TX-30-0.49
34Jamie Raskin Democrat · MD-8-0.49
35Nancy Pelosi Democrat · CA-11-0.49
36Danny K. Davis Democrat · IL-7-0.49
37Morgan McGarvey Democrat · KY-3-0.49
38Hakeem S. Jeffries Democrat · NY-8-0.48
39Kevin Mullin Democrat · CA-15-0.48
39Judy Chu Democrat · CA-28-0.48
39Henry C. "Hank" Johnson, Jr. Democrat · GA-4-0.48
42Katherine M. Clark Democrat · MA-5-0.48
43Frederica S. Wilson Democrat · FL-24-0.48
43Shontel M. Brown Democrat · OH-11-0.48
45Robin L. Kelly Democrat · IL-2-0.47
46Dwight Evans Democrat · PA-3-0.47
47Glenn Ivey Democrat · MD-4-0.47
47James E. Clyburn Democrat · SC-6-0.47
47Veronica Escobar Democrat · TX-16-0.47
50Alma S. Adams Democrat · NC-12-0.46
51Mary Gay Scanlon Democrat · PA-5-0.46
52Maxine Dexter Democrat · OR-3-0.46
53Ro Khanna Democrat · CA-17-0.46
54Gilbert Ray Cisneros, Jr. Democrat · CA-31-0.46
54Mark Takano Democrat · CA-39-0.46
54Cleo Fields Democrat · LA-6-0.46
57Jill N. Tokuda Democrat · HI-2-0.46
57Wesley Bell Democrat · MO-1-0.46
59Emanuel Cleaver Democrat · MO-5-0.45
60Summer L. Lee Democrat · PA-12-0.45
60Robert C. "Bobby" Scott Democrat · VA-3-0.45
62Daniel S. Goldman Democrat · NY-10-0.45
62Al Green Democrat · TX-9-0.45
64Marilyn Strickland Democrat · WA-10-0.44
65Maxwell Frost Democrat · FL-10-0.44
65Nikema Williams Democrat · GA-5-0.44
65Becca Balint Democrat · VT-AL-0.44
68Kweisi Mfume Democrat · MD-7-0.44
68Joyce Beatty Democrat · OH-3-0.44
70Jesús G. "Chuy" García Democrat · IL-4-0.44
71Madeleine Dean Democrat · PA-4-0.44
72Kathy Castor Democrat · FL-14-0.43
72André Carson Democrat · IN-7-0.43
74Doris O. Matsui Democrat · CA-7-0.43
75Jared Huffman Democrat · CA-2-0.43
75Melanie A. Stansbury Democrat · NM-1-0.43
77Diana DeGette Democrat · CO-1-0.43
77Joe Neguse Democrat · CO-2-0.43
79Greg Casar Democrat · TX-35-0.43
80Yassamin Ansari Democrat · AZ-3-0.43
80James R. Walkinshaw Democrat · VA-11-0.43
82Gabe Amo Democrat · RI-1-0.43
83Analilia Mejia Democrat · NJ-11-0.42
84Chellie Pingree Democrat · ME-1-0.42
84Donald Norcross Democrat · NJ-1-0.42
86Sara Jacobs Democrat · CA-51-0.42
86Betty McCollum Democrat · MN-4-0.42
88Richard E. Neal Democrat · MA-1-0.42
89Lori Trahan Democrat · MA-3-0.42
89Paul Tonko Democrat · NY-20-0.42
91Gregory W. Meeks Democrat · NY-5-0.41
92Rosa L. DeLauro Democrat · CT-3-0.41
93Debbie Wasserman Schultz Democrat · FL-25-0.41
94Shomari Figures Democrat · AL-2-0.41
95Marc A. Veasey Democrat · TX-33-0.41
96Frank Pallone, Jr. Democrat · NJ-6-0.40
96Joaquin Castro Democrat · TX-20-0.40
96Lloyd Doggett Democrat · TX-37-0.40
99Terri A. Sewell Democrat · AL-7-0.40
99George Latimer Democrat · NY-16-0.40
101Suzanne Bonamici Democrat · OR-1-0.40
102Debbie Dingell Democrat · MI-6-0.40
103Zoe Lofgren Democrat · CA-18-0.40
103Juan Vargas Democrat · CA-52-0.40
103John B. Larson Democrat · CT-1-0.40
106Lois Frankel Democrat · FL-22-0.39
107Mike Thompson Democrat · CA-4-0.39
107Donald S. Beyer, Jr. Democrat · VA-8-0.39
109Deborah K. Ross Democrat · NC-2-0.39
110Steve Cohen Democrat · TN-9-0.39
111Timothy M. Kennedy Democrat · NY-26-0.39
111Vicente Gonzalez Democrat · TX-34-0.39
113Steny H. Hoyer Democrat · MD-5-0.38
114Brendan F. Boyle Democrat · PA-2-0.38
115Johnny Olszewski, Jr. Democrat · MD-2-0.38
116Brittany Pettersen Democrat · CO-7-0.38
117Ayanna Pressley Democrat · MA-7-0.38
118Robert Garcia Democrat · CA-42-0.37
118Sarah Elfreth Democrat · MD-3-0.37
120Lucy McBath Democrat · GA-6-0.37
120Grace Meng Democrat · NY-6-0.37
122Ted Lieu Democrat · CA-36-0.37
123Norma J. Torres Democrat · CA-35-0.37
123Teresa Leger Fernandez Democrat · NM-3-0.37
125Rick Larsen Democrat · WA-2-0.36
126Jason Crow Democrat · CO-6-0.36
126Haley M. Stevens Democrat · MI-11-0.36
128Laura Friedman Democrat · CA-30-0.36
129Julie Johnson Democrat · TX-32-0.35
130Shri Thanedar Democrat · MI-13-0.35
131Jonathan L. Jackson Democrat · IL-1-0.35
131Raja Krishnamoorthi Democrat · IL-8-0.35
133Kelly Morrison Democrat · MN-3-0.35
134Sam T. Liccardo Democrat · CA-16-0.35
135Brad Sherman Democrat · CA-32-0.34
136Stephen F. Lynch Democrat · MA-8-0.34
137Jahana Hayes Democrat · CT-5-0.34
138Marcy Kaptur Democrat · OH-9-0.34
139Darren Soto Democrat · FL-9-0.34
140Joe Courtney Democrat · CT-2-0.34
141Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Democrat · NY-14-0.33
141Emilia Strong Sykes Democrat · OH-13-0.33
143Joseph D. Morelle Democrat · NY-25-0.33
144William R. Keating Democrat · MA-9-0.33
145Pete Aguilar Democrat · CA-33-0.33
146Mike Quigley Democrat · IL-5-0.32
147Salud O. Carbajal Democrat · CA-24-0.32
147Mike Levin Democrat · CA-49-0.32
149Gabe Vasquez Democrat · NM-2-0.32
150Nikki Budzinski Democrat · IL-13-0.32
151John Garamendi Democrat · CA-8-0.31
152Steven Horsford Democrat · NV-4-0.31
152Ritchie Torres Democrat · NY-15-0.31
154Nellie Pou Democrat · NJ-9-0.31
155Julia Brownley Democrat · CA-26-0.31
156Seth Magaziner Democrat · RI-2-0.30
157Frank J. Mrvan Democrat · IN-1-0.30
157Herbert C. Conaway, Jr. Democrat · NJ-3-0.30
159Ilhan Omar Democrat · MN-5-0.30
159Dina Titus Democrat · NV-1-0.30
159Suzan K. DelBene Democrat · WA-1-0.30
162Josh Harder Democrat · CA-9-0.29
163Adam Smith Democrat · WA-9-0.29
164April McClain Delaney Democrat · MD-6-0.29
164Rashida Tlaib Democrat · MI-12-0.29
166Sanford D. Bishop, Jr. Democrat · GA-2-0.29
167Janelle S. Bynum Democrat · OR-5-0.29
168Seth Moulton Democrat · MA-6-0.29
169J. Luis Correa Democrat · CA-46-0.28
170Greg Stanton Democrat · AZ-4-0.28
171Jimmy Panetta Democrat · CA-19-0.28
172Kim Schrier Democrat · WA-8-0.28
173Angie Craig Democrat · MN-2-0.27
174Jake Auchincloss Democrat · MA-4-0.27
175Sarah McBride Democrat · DE-AL-0.27
176Sharice Davids Democrat · KS-3-0.27
177Christopher R. Deluzio Democrat · PA-17-0.26
178Raul Ruiz Democrat · CA-25-0.26
179Hillary J. Scholten Democrat · MI-3-0.26
180Chrissy Houlahan Democrat · PA-6-0.26
181Ami Bera Democrat · CA-6-0.25
182Kristen McDonald Rivet Democrat · MI-8-0.24
183James A. Himes Democrat · CT-4-0.24
183Donald G. Davis Democrat · NC-1-0.24
185Eric Sorensen Democrat · IL-17-0.24
186Bill Foster Democrat · IL-11-0.24
186John W. Mannion Democrat · NY-22-0.24
186Suhas Subramanyam Democrat · VA-10-0.24
189Adam Gray Democrat · CA-13-0.23
190Derek Tran Democrat · CA-45-0.23
190Chris Pappas Democrat · NH-1-0.23
190Val T. Hoyle Democrat · OR-4-0.23
193Jared Moskowitz Democrat · FL-23-0.23
193Andrea Salinas Democrat · OR-6-0.23
195Greg Landsman Democrat · OH-1-0.23
196Susie Lee Democrat · NV-3-0.23
196Patrick Ryan Democrat · NY-18-0.23
196Henry Cuellar Democrat · TX-28-0.23
199Thomas R. Suozzi Democrat · NY-3-0.21
200Maggie Goodlander Democrat · NH-2-0.21
201Ed Case Democrat · HI-1-0.21
202Dave Min Democrat · CA-47-0.21
203George Whitesides Democrat · CA-27-0.20
204Josh Riley Democrat · NY-19-0.20
205Jim Costa Democrat · CA-21-0.20
205Bradley Scott Schneider Democrat · IL-10-0.20
207Scott H. Peters Democrat · CA-50-0.19
208Eugene Simon Vindman Democrat · VA-7-0.17
209Laura Gillen Democrat · NY-4-0.17
210Josh Gottheimer Democrat · NJ-5-0.17
211Jared F. Golden Democrat · ME-2-0.11
212Marie Gluesenkamp Perez Democrat · WA-3-0.10
213Brian K. Fitzpatrick Republican · PA-1+0.14
214Kevin Kiley Independent · CA-3+0.15
215Christopher H. Smith Republican · NJ-4+0.18
216Michael Lawler Republican · NY-17+0.19
217Thomas H. Kean, Jr. Republican · NJ-7+0.20
218Andrew R. Garbarino Republican · NY-2+0.24
219David P. Joyce Republican · OH-14+0.25
220Nick LaLota Republican · NY-1+0.25
221David G. Valadao Republican · CA-22+0.26
222Robert P. Bresnahan, Jr. Republican · PA-8+0.26
223Young Kim Republican · CA-40+0.26
223Jennifer A. Kiggans Republican · VA-2+0.26
225Michael R. Turner Republican · OH-10+0.27
226Maria Elvira Salazar Republican · FL-27+0.27
227Don Bacon Republican · NE-2+0.28
228Mario Diaz-Balart Republican · FL-26+0.28
229Zachary Nunn Republican · IA-3+0.29
230Michael K. Simpson Republican · ID-2+0.30
231Juan Ciscomani Republican · AZ-6+0.30
232Elise M. Stefanik Republican · NY-21+0.31
233Jeff Hurd Republican · CO-3+0.32
233Dan Newhouse Republican · WA-4+0.32
235Jay Obernolte Republican · CA-23+0.32
236John James Republican · MI-10+0.32
236Ryan Mackenzie Republican · PA-7+0.32
238Tom Cole Republican · OK-4+0.32
239Carlos A. Gimenez Republican · FL-28+0.33
240Harold Rogers Republican · KY-5+0.33
240Nicole Malliotakis Republican · NY-11+0.33
242Glenn Thompson Republican · PA-15+0.34
243Mariannette Miller-Meeks Republican · IA-1+0.34
244Ken Calvert Republican · CA-41+0.34
245Gabe Evans Republican · CO-8+0.34
246James Gallagher Republican · CA-1+0.34
247Steve Womack Republican · AR-3+0.35
248Nancy Mace Republican · SC-1+0.35
249Ashley Hinson Republican · IA-2+0.36
250Vern Buchanan Republican · FL-16+0.36
250Frank D. Lucas Republican · OK-3+0.36
252Max L. Miller Republican · OH-7+0.37
253Blake D. Moore Republican · UT-1+0.37
254Chuck Edwards Republican · NC-11+0.37
255Mike Rogers Republican · AL-3+0.38
255Mike Kelly Republican · PA-16+0.38
255Derrick Van Orden Republican · WI-3+0.38
258Jefferson Van Drew Republican · NJ-2+0.38
258Mark E. Amodei Republican · NV-2+0.38
260Pete Stauber Republican · MN-8+0.39
261Ann Wagner Republican · MO-2+0.39
262Mike Bost Republican · IL-12+0.40
263Robert B. Aderholt Republican · AL-4+0.41
263Mike Carey Republican · OH-15+0.41
265Michael T. McCaul Republican · TX-10+0.41
266Stephanie I. Bice Republican · OK-5+0.41
267Celeste Maloy Republican · UT-2+0.42
268Bryan Steil Republican · WI-1+0.42
269Laurel M. Lee Republican · FL-15+0.42
270Gus M. Bilirakis Republican · FL-12+0.42
271Nicholas A. Langworthy Republican · NY-23+0.42
272Brett Guthrie Republican · KY-2+0.43
273Michael A. Rulli Republican · OH-6+0.43
274Charles J. "Chuck" Fleischmann Republican · TN-3+0.43
275John H. Rutherford Republican · FL-5+0.43
276Julia Letlow Republican · LA-5+0.43
276Jack Bergman Republican · MI-1+0.43
278J. French Hill Republican · AR-2+0.43
279Dan Crenshaw Republican · TX-2+0.44
280Mike Flood Republican · NE-1+0.44
281Ryan K. Zinke Republican · MT-1+0.44
282James R. Baird Republican · IN-4+0.45
282Robert J. Wittman Republican · VA-1+0.45
284Guy Reschenthaler Republican · PA-14+0.45
285John R. Moolenaar Republican · MI-2+0.45
286Vince Fong Republican · CA-20+0.45
286Sam Graves Republican · MO-6+0.45
288Burgess Owens Republican · UT-4+0.45
289Lloyd Smucker Republican · PA-11+0.46
290Darin LaHood Republican · IL-16+0.46
291Brian J. Mast Republican · FL-21+0.46
292Eric A. "Rick" Crawford Republican · AR-1+0.46
292Mike Haridopolos Republican · FL-8+0.46
294Troy Balderson Republican · OH-12+0.46
295Claudia Tenney Republican · NY-24+0.47
296Randy Feenstra Republican · IA-4+0.47
297Tom Emmer Republican · MN-6+0.47
297Dusty Johnson Republican · SD-AL+0.47
299Monica De La Cruz Republican · TX-15+0.47
300Darrell Issa Republican · CA-48+0.47
301Cliff Bentz Republican · OR-2+0.48
302Gregory F. Murphy Republican · NC-3+0.48
303John R. Carter Republican · TX-31+0.49
304Andy Barr Republican · KY-6+0.49
305Daniel Meuser Republican · PA-9+0.49
306Victoria Spartz Republican · IN-5+0.49
307Tim Walberg Republican · MI-5+0.50
307Tom Barrett Republican · MI-7+0.50
309Neal P. Dunn Republican · FL-2+0.51
309Robert E. Latta Republican · OH-5+0.51
311Adrian Smith Republican · NE-3+0.51
311Jake Ellzey Republican · TX-6+0.51
311H. Morgan Griffith Republican · VA-9+0.51
314Jefferson Shreve Republican · IN-6+0.51
315Rudy Yakym III Republican · IN-2+0.52
316Jimmy Patronis Republican · FL-1+0.52
317Richard Hudson Republican · NC-9+0.52
318Daniel Webster Republican · FL-11+0.53
319Joe Wilson Republican · SC-2+0.53
320Bill Huizenga Republican · MI-4+0.53
320Michael Guest Republican · MS-3+0.53
320Carol D. Miller Republican · WV-1+0.53
323Tony Wied Republican · WI-8+0.53
324Austin Scott Republican · GA-8+0.54
325Michelle Fischbach Republican · MN-7+0.54
325David Kustoff Republican · TN-8+0.54
327Bruce Westerman Republican · AR-4+0.54
328Mark B. Messmer Republican · IN-8+0.54
328Riley M. Moore Republican · WV-2+0.54
330Lisa C. McClain Republican · MI-9+0.55
331David Schweikert Republican · AZ-1+0.55
331Russell Fry Republican · SC-7+0.55
333Earl L. "Buddy" Carter Republican · GA-1+0.56
334Mike Ezell Republican · MS-4+0.56
335Steve Scalise Republican · LA-1+0.56
335Brad Finstad Republican · MN-1+0.56
337Addison P. McDowell Republican · NC-6+0.56
338Anna Paulina Luna Republican · FL-13+0.56
339Mark Alford Republican · MO-4+0.56
340Mike Johnson Republican · LA-4+0.57
341David Rouzer Republican · NC-7+0.57
342Jason Smith Republican · MO-8+0.58
342Scott DesJarlais Republican · TN-4+0.58
344John Joyce Republican · PA-13+0.58
344Pete Sessions Republican · TX-17+0.58
346Nathaniel Moran Republican · TX-1+0.58
347Tim Moore Republican · NC-14+0.59
348Nicholas J. Begich III Republican · AK-AL+0.59
348Kat Cammack Republican · FL-3+0.59
348Morgan Luttrell Republican · TX-8+0.59
351Roger Williams Republican · TX-25+0.59
352James Comer Republican · KY-1+0.59
353Brian Jack Republican · GA-3+0.59
354Scott Fitzgerald Republican · WI-5+0.60
355William R. Timmons IV Republican · SC-4+0.60
356Michael Baumgartner Republican · WA-5+0.60
357Glenn Grothman Republican · WI-6+0.60
358Wesley Hunt Republican · TX-38+0.60
359Cory Mills Republican · FL-7+0.60
359Beth Van Duyne Republican · TX-24+0.60
361Tracey Mann Republican · KS-1+0.61
361Troy E. Nehls Republican · TX-22+0.61
363Dale W. Strong Republican · AL-5+0.61
364Julie Fedorchak Republican · ND-AL+0.61
364Matt Van Epps Republican · TN-7+0.61
366David J. Taylor Republican · OH-2+0.61
367Erin Houchin Republican · IN-9+0.62
367Virginia Foxx Republican · NC-5+0.62
369Scott Franklin Republican · FL-18+0.63
370Clay Higgins Republican · LA-3+0.63
371Randy Fine Republican · FL-6+0.63
371August Pfluger Republican · TX-11+0.63
373Byron Donalds Republican · FL-19+0.64
373Trent Kelly Republican · MS-1+0.64
373Harriet M. Hageman Republican · WY-AL+0.64
376Thomas P. Tiffany Republican · WI-7+0.64
377Russ Fulcher Republican · ID-1+0.64
378Barry Moore Republican · AL-1+0.65
379Ron Estes Republican · KS-4+0.65
379Warren Davidson Republican · OH-8+0.65
379Jodey C. Arrington Republican · TX-19+0.65
382Troy Downing Republican · MT-2+0.65
383Thomas Massie Republican · KY-4+0.65
384John W. Rose Republican · TN-6+0.65
385Mike Kennedy Republican · UT-3+0.66
386Tim Burchett Republican · TN-2+0.66
387Jeff Crank Republican · CO-5+0.67
388Gary J. Palmer Republican · AL-6+0.67
389Tom McClintock Republican · CA-5+0.67
390Barry Loudermilk Republican · GA-11+0.68
390Andy Harris Republican · MD-1+0.68
392Abraham J. Hamadeh Republican · AZ-8+0.68
392Kevin Hern Republican · OK-1+0.68
394Mike Collins Republican · GA-10+0.68
395Diana Harshbarger Republican · TN-1+0.68
396Scott Perry Republican · PA-10+0.69
397W. Gregory Steube Republican · FL-17+0.69
398Rick W. Allen Republican · GA-12+0.69
399Michael Cloud Republican · TX-27+0.69
400Derek Schmidt Republican · KS-2+0.69
401Aaron Bean Republican · FL-4+0.69
402Paul A. Gosar Republican · AZ-9+0.70
403Clay Fuller Republican · GA-14+0.70
404John J. McGuire III Republican · VA-5+0.71
405Brian Babin Republican · TX-36+0.71
406Lauren Boebert Republican · CO-4+0.71
406Jim Jordan Republican · OH-4+0.71
408Pat Fallon Republican · TX-4+0.71
408Ben Cline Republican · VA-6+0.71
410Marlin A. Stutzman Republican · IN-3+0.71
411Lance Gooden Republican · TX-5+0.72
412Randy K. Weber, Sr. Republican · TX-14+0.72
413Robert F. Onder, Jr. Republican · MO-3+0.72
414Eric Burlison Republican · MO-7+0.73
415Andrew Ogles Republican · TN-5+0.75
416Elijah Crane Republican · AZ-2+0.75
417Brandon Gill Republican · TX-26+0.77
418Craig A. Goldman Republican · TX-12+0.78
419Ronny Jackson Republican · TX-13+0.78
420Mary E. Miller Republican · IL-15+0.79
421Mark Harris Republican · NC-8+0.80
421Chip Roy Republican · TX-21+0.80
423Sheri Biggs Republican · SC-3+0.81
424Andy Biggs Republican · AZ-5+0.82
425Brad Knott Republican · NC-13+0.82
426Keith Self Republican · TX-3+0.82
427Andrew S. Clyde Republican · GA-9+0.83
428Josh Brecheen Republican · OK-2+0.84
429Ralph Norman Republican · SC-5+0.86
430Richard McCormick Republican · GA-7+0.89
431Pat Harrigan Republican · NC-10+0.97

431 representatives ranked on this measure. Updated weekly.

Other measures

Votes with party · Missed votes · Bills sponsored · Bills that became law · PAC share of money · Senators: left to right · All rankings

Quick answers

Representatives from left to right by voting record?
Furthest left: Sylvia R. Garcia (Democrat, Texas, -0.76), Maxine Waters (Democrat, California, -0.66) and Sean Casten (Democrat, Illinois, -0.63). Furthest right: Pat Harrigan (Republican, North Carolina, +0.97), Richard McCormick (Republican, Georgia, +0.89) and Ralph Norman (Republican, South Carolina, +0.86). DW-NOMINATE first dimension for the 119th Congress (Voteview, UCLA): political scientists' standard placement from every roll-call vote, on a scale from −1 (left) to +1 (right). It's computed from how members vote relative to one another, not from party labels.
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